Milly Gaines
Gastric sleeve surgery is a procedure that significantly reduces the size of the stomach. A strict diet is required before and after the surgery to aid recovery and weight loss. The diet typically involves reducing calories, carbohydrates, and fats, while increasing protein and liquid intake. After the surgery, patients progress through multiple diet phases, from liquids to soft and pureed foods, and eventually to solids. The exact diet and progression depend on individual needs and recovery. It is important to follow the dietary guidelines provided by healthcare professionals to prevent complications and ensure a successful recovery.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Diet before surgery | A diet to reduce liver volume and fat around the organ, including low calories and carbohydrates, lean protein, vegetables, and low- or no-calorie fluids. |
| Diet immediately after surgery | Clear liquid diet, including one no-sugar protein shake, broth, water, decaffeinated coffee or tea, Jell-O, and sugar-free popsicles. |
| Diet two weeks after surgery | Full-liquid diet, blended and puréed foods, high-protein and low-calorie liquid supplement drinks or powders. |
| Diet three weeks after surgery | Soft, puréed foods, including lean protein sources and nonfibrous vegetables. |
| Diet after three weeks | Low-fat, low-sugar, and low-calorie foods, with a focus on consuming foods with a lot of fiber. |
| General guidelines | Balanced meals with small portions, low in calories, fats, and sweets. Avoid rice, bread, raw vegetables, fresh fruits, and meats that are not easily chewed. Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly. |
| Supplements | Folic acid or iron supplements may be required, particularly for menstruating women. |
| Exercise | Becoming active quickly after surgery speeds up recovery. |
| Weight loss | Rapid weight loss is expected during the first 6-9 months after surgery. |
| Complications | Vomiting, reactive hypoglycemia, constipation, and hair loss may occur. |
| Goals | The diet aims to aid recovery, prevent complications, and promote healthy eating habits for long-term weight loss and maintenance. |
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Pre-surgery diet
The pre-surgery diet for gastric sleeve surgery is critical to the success of the procedure and can help to reduce potential complications. Obesity increases the risk of medical complications during and after surgery, so the pre-surgery diet is designed to promote weight loss and prepare the body for the procedure. Typically, the pre-surgery diet should be followed for one to three weeks before the surgery, and the exact requirements will vary depending on the type of surgery, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's preferences.
The diet is usually a very low-calorie, high-protein plan, with some programs recommending an intake of 800 to 1,200 calories per day. This calorie reduction should include a decrease in carbohydrates, especially refined sugars found in candy and soft drinks. Other sources of carbohydrates, like bread and pasta, can be included in moderation but should be limited. To ensure adequate nutrition, it is important to focus on nutrient-dense foods, including lean proteins and low-starch vegetables.
Two to three days before the surgery, patients switch to an all-liquid diet, including water, broth, gelatin, and low-calorie sports drinks. This clear liquid diet ensures the stomach and intestines are empty, making the procedure safer and easier for the surgical team. It also helps to shrink the liver, which sits on top of the stomach, and can obstruct access during the surgery if enlarged.
In addition to the diet, patients are usually required to stop taking certain medications in the lead-up to surgery, including hormone replacement medications, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and blood-thinning medications. It is important to consult with a doctor or dietician to determine the specific pre-surgery diet and medication guidelines for each individual.
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Post-surgery diet
Gastric sleeve surgery is an irreversible procedure that significantly reduces the size of the stomach. A specialised diet is necessary after the surgery to help the body adapt and aid recovery. It is important to follow the eating plan provided by a doctor or healthcare professional, as this will be tailored to individual needs.
Immediately after surgery, patients will be on a clear liquid diet, which may include one no-sugar protein shake a day, broth, water, decaffeinated coffee or tea, Jell-O, and sugar-free popsicles. Caffeinated and carbonated beverages should be avoided. This liquid diet will continue for the first week after surgery.
During the second week, patients can progress to a full-liquid diet, which may include milk. Patients may feel their appetite increase, but it is important to avoid solid food as the system is still unable to handle it. Sugar and fat should also be avoided.
In the third week, soft, pureed foods can be added to the diet. It is important to eat slowly and chew food thoroughly. Any low-fat, sugar-free food that can be pureed, including lean protein sources and non-fibrous vegetables, are acceptable. Patients should also start increasing their protein intake, as the procedure reduces the number of nutrients the stomach can absorb, which may lead to a deficiency.
After the first month, patients can focus on consuming foods that contain a lot of fibre. However, some foods may be poorly tolerated, including red meats, chicken, bread, and high-fibre fruits and vegetables. It is important to eat balanced meals with small portions and to continue counting calories every day. Patients should also aim to drink at least 2 litres of water or non-caloric fluids daily to stay well hydrated.
Over time, patients will be able to increase the variety and consistency of foods in their diet, but this will vary among individuals depending on their tolerance for particular foods and their recovery time. It is important to follow the recommended dietary guidelines, as these were carefully designed to limit calorie consumption while providing balanced meals to prevent nutrient deficiencies and preserve muscle tissue.
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Foods to avoid
Following gastric sleeve surgery, it is important to follow a specialised diet to aid recovery and adapt to your new stomach. In the first week after surgery, you will be on a clear liquid diet. After this, you can progress to thicker liquids, blended and pureed foods, and eventually soft foods. Throughout this process, there are several foods that you should avoid.
Firstly, you should avoid solid foods until your doctor advises you to do so. Introducing solids too early can cause vomiting and other complications. You should also avoid carbonated and caffeinated drinks, as these can cause discomfort.
It is important to avoid foods that are difficult to chew or swallow, such as dry or chewy meat, bread, rice, pasta, and raw or fibrous fruits and vegetables. These foods can cause discomfort and may even get 'stuck', making you feel sick. It is best to avoid these foods initially and then gradually reintroduce them once you have established a 'regular' diet.
You should also avoid simple carbohydrates and sugars. Focus instead on consuming high-fibre foods and lean proteins. Keep your calorie intake low, and be sure to eat slowly and chew your food thoroughly.
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Foods to eat
Following gastric sleeve surgery, it is important to follow the recommended dietary guidelines provided by your healthcare provider. These guidelines are designed to help your body recover and establish healthy eating habits. Here is a list of foods that you can eat during the different stages of recovery:
Clear Liquid Diet (First Week After Surgery)
During the initial recovery phase, you should stick to clear liquids such as broth, water, decaffeinated coffee or tea, sugar-free Jell-O, and no-sugar protein shakes. Caffeinated and carbonated beverages should be avoided.
Full-Liquid Diet (Second Week After Surgery)
In the second week, you can progress to a full-liquid diet. This includes thicker liquids such as milk and blended foods. You can also introduce high-protein, low-calorie liquid supplement drinks or powders to meet your protein requirements.
Pureed Foods (Third Week and Beyond)
From the third week onwards, you can start adding soft, pureed foods to your diet. Focus on lean protein sources, non-fibrous vegetables, and low-fat, sugar-free foods that can be pureed. Examples include eggs, puree cereals, and pureed fruits and vegetables. It is important to increase your protein intake and continue eating slowly, chewing your food thoroughly.
Solid Foods (After Establishing a 'Regular' Diet)
As you transition to solid foods, introduce them gradually and avoid problematic foods that may be difficult to tolerate, such as chewy or dry meats, bread, fibrous fruits and vegetables, rice, pasta, nuts, and seeds. Focus on low-fat, low-sugar, and low-calorie foods to continue your weight loss journey.
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Long-term effects
After gastric sleeve surgery, a person will need to eat smaller and more frequent meals for the rest of their life. This is because the surgery reduces the stomach to a sleeve-like shape by removing much of it, and the opening that allows food to pass out of the stomach is also very narrow.
In the long term, it is important to focus on lean protein and vegetables, introducing one food at a time to monitor the body's reaction. Sugar and fat, including high-fat dairy, should be avoided, as should hard-to-digest foods such as steak, fibrous vegetables, and nuts. Other foods to avoid include pasta, white potatoes, and other high-carb options. Caffeinated beverages can usually be reintroduced, but only in moderation. Sugary sweets and soda should be avoided entirely or only eaten on occasion.
Over time, it will be possible to increase the variety and consistency of foods in the diet. However, some foods may continue to be poorly tolerated, including red meats, chicken, bread, and high-fibre fruits and vegetables. It is important to focus on low-fat, low-sugar, and low-calorie foods and continue to count calories every day. A daily record of food portions, calorie intake, and protein intake should be kept.
To stay well-hydrated, it is recommended to drink at least 2 litres of water or non-caloric fluids daily, unless this is contraindicated due to a medical condition. It is also important to take vitamin and mineral supplements as ordered by a doctor.
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Frequently asked questions
Immediately after surgery, you will be on a clear liquid diet. You can gradually add thicker liquids to your diet after you are discharged from the hospital.
In the first week after surgery, you will continue with the same clear liquid diet. During the second week, you will graduate to a full-liquid diet. In the third week, you can add soft, pureed foods to your diet.
Over time, you will be able to increase the variety and consistency of foods in your diet. However, some foods may continue to be poorly tolerated, including red meats, chicken, breads, and high-fibre fruits and vegetables. Focus on low-fat, low-sugar and low-calorie foods and continue to count your calories every day.
It is important to follow the eating plan your doctor provides for you. The foods you are allowed are designed to help your body recover and pave the way towards a healthy eating lifestyle. You should also remember that your stomach size is very small after surgery, so you should only take two to three sips or bites at a time of any new food and then wait 10 minutes before taking more.
