Leena Watts
There is a long-standing debate on whether a vegetarian diet makes one smarter. Some studies have shown that vegetarians have higher childhood IQs and are more intelligent than meat-eaters. However, others argue that vegetarianism is evolutionarily novel and unnatural for humans, and that it may lead to nutritional deficiencies, such as lower levels of choline and creatine, which are important for brain function. While some claim that a plant-based diet may positively impact brain health by reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension, others refute these claims, arguing that there is no significant difference in iron intake between plant-based eaters and omnivores.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Childhood IQ | Vegetarians have a higher mean childhood IQ than meat-eaters, with a significant difference between the two groups. |
| Gender Differences | The difference in childhood IQ between vegetarians and meat-eaters is larger among men than women, which may be due to evolutionary history and gender roles. |
| National Differences | The association between childhood intelligence and adult vegetarianism varies between countries, such as the UK and the US, possibly due to national or generational differences. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Vegetarianism is considered evolutionarily novel and unnatural for humans, who are naturally omnivorous. However, it is a choice often associated with higher intelligence or made by more intelligent individuals. |
| Nutritional Considerations | Vegetarians and vegans may have lower quantities of certain nutrients, such as vitamin B6, choline, and creatine, which could potentially impact brain health and intelligence. |
| Health Benefits | Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers. They may also positively affect brain health by lowering blood pressure and reducing the risk of vascular dementia. |
| Iron Intake | While some claim that vegans and vegetarians consume less iron, other studies show no significant difference or even higher iron intake compared to omnivores. Pairing iron-rich foods with vitamin C can enhance iron absorption. |
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What You'll Learn
Vegetarians have been found to have higher childhood IQs
A study of thousands of men and women has revealed that vegetarians have been found to have higher childhood IQs. The research, conducted by the University of Southampton, tracked the fortunes of over 8,000 volunteers for 20 years. At age 10, the children sat a series of tests designed to determine their IQ. When they reached the age of 30, they were asked whether they were vegetarian, and their answers were compared to their childhood IQ scores. The results showed that vegetarians had a mean childhood IQ of 109.1, while meat-eaters had a mean childhood IQ of 100.9. This difference is statistically significant and was more pronounced among men than among women.
Among British respondents in the National Child Development Study, those who were vegetarian at age 42 had significantly higher childhood general intelligence than those who were not. Childhood general intelligence was measured using 11 different cognitive tests at three ages before 16. The researchers suggested that a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, and whole grains may somehow boost brain power. However, they also acknowledged that it could be that more intelligent children are more likely to become vegetarian later in life.
The evolutionary psychologist Satoshi Kanazawa offered a potential explanation for the difference in childhood IQ between vegetarians and meat-eaters. He suggested that throughout evolutionary history, men have traditionally hunted animals for meat, while women have gathered plant food. As a result, vegetarianism may be more evolutionarily novel and unnatural for men than for women. This could account for the higher mean childhood IQ of male vegetarians compared to male meat-eaters.
However, it is important to note that vegetarians and vegans have been shown to have lower quantities of certain nutrients, such as choline and vitamin B6, which are important for brain health. For example, unpublished research by food scientist Taylor Wallace found that vegetarians have extremely low levels of choline. This could have potential repercussions for brain function, although more research is needed to understand the impact of plant-based diets on intelligence.
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The evolutionary history of eating meat
Vegetarianism is an evolutionarily novel concept. Humans are naturally omnivorous, and throughout history, we have been designed to eat both animal meat and plants. Hunting and eating meat have been a part of the human diet for at least 2.6 million years. Early humans used sharp-edged tools to cut through animal carcasses and consume the meat and marrow. By 2 million years ago, this practice became more common, and by 1.5 million years ago, humans were getting the better parts of animals and scavenging less. They used rounded rocks to break bones and get to the marrow and sharp-edged rocks to slice meat off the bones.
The diet of the earliest hominins was similar to that of modern chimpanzees, including large quantities of fruit, leaves, flowers, bark, insects, and meat. Some hominins may have also consumed hard food items such as seeds, nuts, roots, and tubers. The inclusion of meat in the human diet was a significant evolutionary change, and it is believed that meat-eating may have contributed to other evolutionary adaptations, such as smaller teeth, jaws, and faces.
The idea that humans are naturally omnivorous is further supported by the fact that vegetarianism is more common among women than men. Historically, men have been the hunters, while women have gathered plant food. As a result, vegetarianism may be more evolutionarily novel for men than women. This could explain why childhood intelligence is significantly higher among vegetarian men than non-vegetarian men.
While vegetarianism may be evolutionarily novel, it is important to consider the potential nutritional implications. Vegetarians and vegans have been shown to have lower quantities of certain nutrients, such as vitamin B6, choline, and creatine. These deficiencies could have potential repercussions on brain health and intelligence. However, it is important to note that the impact of these deficiencies is not yet fully understood, and some individuals may thrive on a vegetarian or vegan diet.
In conclusion, while humans have a long evolutionary history of eating meat, the adoption of vegetarianism or veganism is a relatively novel concept. This shift in diet may have potential health and nutritional implications that require further research. However, it is important to respect individual choices and lifestyles, as a well-planned vegetarian or vegan diet can be healthy and sustainable.
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The impact of vitamin deficiencies
While vegetarian diets have been linked to higher intelligence in individuals, it is important to consider the potential impact of vitamin deficiencies commonly associated with vegetarian and vegan diets. Vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and calcium deficiencies are more common in vegetarians and vegans since these micronutrients are predominantly found in animal-based foods or have lower bioavailability in plant-based sources.
Vitamin B12, for instance, is mainly found in meat, eggs, and dairy products. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to neurological issues such as persistent tingling in the hands and feet, balance problems, mental confusion, and forgetfulness. It is necessary for healthy brain function, and a lack of it can lead to pernicious anemia, increasing the risk of stomach and intestinal cancers.
Vegetarians and vegans may also be at a higher risk of vitamin D3 deficiency, especially in countries north or south of the equator during winter. Vitamin D3 is important for bone health, and its deficiency is linked to an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures in older adults.
Additionally, vegetarians may experience lower muscle creatine levels, impacting muscle strength and endurance. Creatine is a molecule found in animal foods, and while it can be produced by the liver, studies have shown that vegetarians tend to have lower muscle creatine levels.
Folate, or vitamin B9, is another nutrient that vegetarians may not get enough of. It is found in dark, leafy green vegetables and liver, and a deficiency can cause birth defects during pregnancy. However, folate deficiency is becoming less common in countries that fortify staple foods like bread, cereals, and pasta with folic acid.
The impact of these deficiencies can vary, and it is important for vegetarians to be mindful of their vitamin intake to ensure a healthy and balanced diet.
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The role of supplements in boosting intelligence
While a vegetarian diet may have its benefits, it is important to be mindful of potential nutritional deficiencies that may impact brain health and intelligence. Here are some key considerations regarding supplements that may play a role in boosting intelligence:
Choline
Choline is used by the brain to produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that facilitates communication between nerve cells. While the body can produce some choline, it is considered an essential nutrient that we need to obtain from our diet. Foods such as eggs, beef, and seafood are rich sources of choline, and it is worth noting that vegetarians tend to have lower intakes. Supplementation with CDP-choline, for example, may help support brain function, but it is not sold as a dietary supplement in all regions.
Creatine
Creatine is a compound that has gained attention as a potential "smart drug." While it is found in small amounts in vegan foods, meat, eggs, and seafood are among the richest sources. Some research suggests that vegetarians tend to have lower levels of creatine, which could have implications for brain function. However, the impact of creatine supplementation is still under investigation, and there are concerns about potential creatine withdrawal effects on the brain's ability to produce its own creatine.
B Vitamins
B vitamins, including B6, B9 (folic acid), and B12, are crucial for brain health. Deficiencies in these vitamins can impact brain function, and supplementation may be beneficial in such cases. However, unless there is a specific deficiency or a particular need, such as during pregnancy, supplementation may not provide additional cognitive benefits.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA and EPA, are important for brain health and may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. While fish oil supplements are a common source of omega-3s, the evidence suggests that the benefits are more closely associated with a higher intake of fish itself, as seen in diets like the Mediterranean diet.
Herbal Supplements
Various herbal supplements have been studied for their potential brain-boosting properties. Ginkgo biloba, derived from the Ginkgo biloba tree, is a popular supplement claimed to improve memory and focus. While some studies suggest it may help reduce age-related cognitive decline, the overall evidence is mixed. Similarly, ginseng, a popular Asian supplement, has shown inconclusive results regarding its cognitive benefits. Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric, has been praised for its antioxidant properties and its potential role in memory and Alzheimer's prevention, but more research is needed.
In conclusion, while supplements can play a role in boosting intelligence or maintaining brain health, it is essential to understand that they are typically most effective when addressing specific deficiencies or conditions. A well-rounded diet that includes brain-healthy foods, such as those in the Mediterranean diet, is often a better starting point than relying solely on supplements. Consulting a healthcare professional before starting any supplementation is always advisable.
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The link between plant-based diets and lower blood pressure
Vegetarianism is an evolutionarily novel concept. Humans are naturally omnivorous and are designed to eat both animal meat and plants. However, research has shown that vegetarians tend to be more intelligent than meat-eaters. A study of thousands of men and women revealed that those who stick to a vegetarian diet have IQs that are around five points higher than those who regularly eat meat. Childhood general intelligence has a significantly positive effect on the likelihood of vegetarianism at age 42.
While vegetarians and vegans have been shown to have lower quantities of certain nutrients in their bodies, it is unclear what impact this has on their lives. Some studies have shown that plant-based diets may have positive effects on brain health. For example, plant-based diets are associated with lower blood pressure, and recent studies have linked persistent hypertension to mild cognitive impairment, which is a major risk factor for the development of dementia.
Vegetarian diets have also been shown to decrease the incidence of atherosclerosis, the fatty plaque that can build up in arteries, which is also a risk factor for the development of vascular dementia. Properly planned plant-based diets have been shown to reduce all-cause mortality and the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Studies show that vegan and vegetarian diets may also decrease cancer risk.
In terms of specific nutrients, it is important to note that some plant-based foods are rich in iron and vitamin C, which can increase the absorption of plant-based iron. For example, vitamin C has been shown to increase the absorption of plant-based iron by up to 3 to 6 times for every 50 mg of vitamin C added to a meal. Additionally, one study showed that folate concentrations were highest among vegans, intermediate among vegetarians, and lowest among omnivores.
While some sources argue that certain nutrients, such as choline, are more readily available from animal sources, others point out that plant-based sources of choline, such as soybeans, are also very good sources of this nutrient. Overall, it appears that a well-planned plant-based diet can provide all the necessary nutrients and may even offer some additional health benefits, including lower blood pressure and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Frequently asked questions
Some studies have shown that vegetarians have higher IQs than meat-eaters, but it is unclear why this is the case. It could be that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables boosts brain power, but more research is needed.
Vegetarians and vegans have been shown to have lower quantities of certain nutrients in their bodies, such as vitamin B6, choline, and creatine. However, this may be due to the fact that these nutrients are generally understudied and not well-known as essential.
It is important for vegetarians to eat a balanced diet and consider taking supplements to ensure they are getting enough nutrients. Pairing high-iron foods with vitamin C-rich foods can also increase iron absorption.
Properly planned vegetarian diets have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and certain types of cancer. They may also have positive effects on brain health, such as lower blood pressure, which can reduce the risk of developing dementia.
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