Brenda Khan
In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly, or a formal meeting of estates or representatives. The term is used historically for assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet, as well as a designation for modern-day legislative bodies of certain countries and states such as the National Diet of Japan, the highest political decision-making organ in the country. The term derives from the Latin word 'diaeta', meaning 'parliamentary assembly' or 'daily food allowance'.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Definition | A formal deliberative assembly or a legislative body |
| Historical Usage | Used historically for assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet, the National Diet of Japan, and the German Bundestag |
| Etymology | Derived from Medieval Latin "dieta", meaning "parliamentary assembly" or "daily food allowance" |
| Variations | The term "diet" can refer to different types of assemblies or legislatures, such as the Imperial Diet, the National Diet, and the Federal Diet |
| Function | The Diet is the highest political decision-making organ, responsible for deliberating and passing laws, deciding on the budget, approving treaties, and designating the prime minister |
| Structure | The Diet is typically structured with two houses, such as a lower house (House of Representatives) and an upper house (House of Councillors or House of Peers) |
| Membership | Membership varies, with some Diets having approximately 300 members, while others have up to 465 members in the lower house and 248-250 in the upper house |
| Voting System | Japan's National Diet uses a parallel voting system, where voters cast two votes: one for an individual candidate and one for a party list |
| Eligibility | Eligibility to vote and stand for election varies, with some Diets requiring a minimum age of 18 or 21, while others specify a minimum age of 25 or 30 for certain positions |
| Historical Context | The term "diet" has a long history, dating back to the 12th century in the German empire and evolving over time with varying structures and powers |
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What You'll Learn
Diet as a formal deliberative assembly
In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically for deliberative assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet, the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire. It is also used as a designation for modern-day legislative bodies of certain countries and states, such as the National Diet of Japan, the German Bundestag, and the Federal Diet. The term "diet" in this context may be derived from Medieval Latin "dieta", meaning both "parliamentary assembly" and "daily food allowance". This, in turn, may originate from the earlier Latin "diaeta", possibly from the Greek "διαιτησία" ("arbitration"), or transcribing Classical Greek "δίαιτα" (diaita), meaning "way of living", and hence also "diet" (regular food), "regular (daily) work".
The association with "dies" (Latin for "day") is reflected in the German language's use of "Tagung" (meeting) and "-tag", meaning "day", as in "Montag" (Monday), and also "parliament", "council", or other legislative chambers, as in "Bundestag" or "Reichstag" for national parliaments, and "Landtag" for regional assemblies. The Croatian word for a legislative assembly is "sabor" (from the verb "sabrati se", meaning "to assemble"), and in historic contexts, it is often translated as "diet" in English, as in "the Diet of Dalmatia" or "the Croatian Diet".
The Diet of Hungary, customarily called together every three years, was called "Diéta" in the Habsburg Empire before the 1848 revolution. The Riksdag of the Estates was the diet of the four estates of Sweden from the 15th century until 1866. The Swiss legislature was the Tagsatzung (French: Diète) before the Federal Assembly replaced it in the mid-19th century. The Polish-Lithuanian Sejm was sometimes referred to as a diet.
In Scottish legal procedures, diets of proof, debate, appeal, or meeting may be ordered by a court.
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The National Diet of Japan
In politics, the term "diet" refers to a formal deliberative assembly. The term was historically used for assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet, which was the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire. Today, it is used to refer to the legislative bodies of certain countries, including the National Diet of Japan.
The National Diet Building is constructed mainly from Japanese-made materials, with the exception of the stained glass, door locks, and pneumatic tube system. The building includes a public gallery, the Emperor's Room, and a Front Courtyard. One of its main features is the stained-glass ceiling that reaches up to the sixth floor. Four oil paintings of Japan's four seasons, painted by Japanese art students, can also be found in the building. In each of the four corners, there are statues of Itagaki Taisuke, Okuma Shigenobu, Ito Hirobumi, and one empty pedestal for the display of a pine bonsai on the first day of the Diet session.
The history of the National Diet Building dates back to the 1880s, when plans for its construction first emerged. However, due to design disputes, the fall of the Ito government, and two separate fires, the project was postponed. It wasn't until 1918 that a public design competition sponsored by the Finance Ministry was held, and the final design by Watanabe Fukuzo was selected.
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The German Imperial Diet
In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically for assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet, which was the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire.
The members of the German Imperial Diet were the Imperial Estates, which were divided into three colleges: the electoral college, the college of princes, and the college of cities. The colleges met separately and made decisions independently, but their resolutions were combined and sent to the emperor as "the resolution of the empire" (conclusum imperii). The emperor could ratify the resolution but could not modify it.
The college of Imperial Princes incorporated the Imperial Counts, immediate lords, Prince-Bishops, and Imperial abbots. The House of Princes was further subdivided into an ecclesiastical and a secular bench. The ecclesiastical bench was headed by the Archduke of Austria, while the secular bench was led by the Burgundian duke of the Habsburg Netherlands.
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The Swedish Riksdag of the Estates
In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically to refer to legislative bodies and assemblies, such as the German Imperial Diet, and is also used to refer to modern-day legislative bodies like the National Diet of Japan. The word "diet" in this context may be derived from Medieval Latin "dieta", meaning both "parliamentary assembly" and "daily food allowance".
The Riksdag of the Estates, also known as the Swedish Riksdag, was the name used for the Estates of Sweden when they were assembled. It was a Diet made up of the Four Estates, which were the lines of division in Swedish society: the nobility, the clergy, the burghers (property-owning commoners in towns), and the yeomanry/peasantry (freehold farmers). The inclusion of a fourth estate, Bondeståndet, or the farmers, is a peculiarity of the Swedish realm, with few parallels in Europe. The Riksdag of the Estates was the diet of these four estates of Sweden, from the 15th century until its dissolution in 1866.
The precursor to the modern Riksdag was the Riksdag of the Estates, which first assembled in 1435 or 1436 in Arboga, though only three of the estates were present: the nobility, the clergy, and the burghers. The actual first meeting with all four estates is likely the one that took place in Uppsala in 1436 after the death of the rebel leader Engelbrekt. In 1517, at the Riksdag, regent Sten Sture the Younger and the Privy Council deposed archbishop Gustav Trolle. At Västerås in 1527, Lutheranism was adopted as the new state religion instead of Catholicism. In the same year, King Gustav I of Sweden formalized the Riksdag of the Estates to include representatives from all four estates. This form of representation lasted until 1866, when representation by estate was abolished and a modern bicameral parliament was established.
The Riksdag of the Estates was the highest authority in Sweden next to the King. It played a crucial role in the country's history, such as in 1544 when it adopted an order of royal succession, abolishing elective monarchy. In 1612, the Riksdag granted the nobility the privilege of holding all higher offices of government. In 1650, the first open conflict between the estates occurred when the three lower estates attacked the nobility's privileges. In 1680, a large-scale reduction was enacted, and Sweden became an absolute monarchy. The Riksdag's power fluctuated over time, influenced by factors such as the king's level of autocracy and the emergence of political parties. In 1866, the Riksdag of the Estates voted for its dissolution and the establishment of a new bicameral Riksdag, marking the end of the old estates system.
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Diet in Scottish legal procedures
In politics, a "diet" is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically for deliberative assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet, as well as a designation for modern-day legislative bodies of certain countries and states.
In Scottish legal procedures, a "diet" refers to a court-ordered meeting, which can be a diet of proof, debate, appeal, or any other type of meeting. One source mentions that diets in Scottish law can be "first diets" or "intermediate diets".
First Diets
First diets, or preliminary hearings, are the first opportunity for the accused to enter a plea in response to the charge(s) on the indictment. Both sides are expected to address the court on their respective states of readiness for trial. The defence will formally intimate to the Crown that they represent the accused and request disclosure of all the evidence that the Crown possesses in relation to the case. This includes statements given to the police, copies of productions (e.g., photographs), and copies of CCTV evidence. The defence can also work on collating defence witnesses and evidence on behalf of the accused. The accused must attend the first diet unless they have been excused by the court in advance.
Intermediate Diets
An intermediate diet is not always required, but in practice, they tend to be fixed for all cases. When an accused is not remanded in custody, the intermediate diet is usually fixed for a date roughly four weeks before the trial. When an accused is remanded in custody, the intermediate diet is likely to be fixed for a date one week before the trial. The purpose of the intermediate diet is to ascertain whether both the Crown and the defence are ready to proceed to trial.
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Frequently asked questions
In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is used historically for assemblies such as the German Imperial Diet, and as a designation for modern-day legislative bodies of certain countries and states such as the National Diet of Japan.
The term 'diet' in politics might be derived from Medieval Latin 'dieta', meaning both "parliamentary assembly" and "daily food allowance", from earlier Latin 'diaeta', possibly from the Greek 'διαιτησία' ("arbitration"), or transcribing Classical Greek 'δίαιτα' (diaita), meaning "way of living", and hence also "diet" (regular food), "regular (daily) work".
The National Diet of Japan is the highest political decision-making organ in the country. It is the "highest organ of state power" and the sole law-making organ of the State. The Diet is bicameral, with a House of Representatives (lower house) and a House of Councillors (upper house). The lower house has constitutionally guaranteed superiority in certain cases, such as the designation of the prime minister, passage of the budget, and approval of treaties.
