Brenda Khan
The General Motors diet, or GM diet, is a popular weight-loss plan that involves consuming specific foods or food groups each day for a week. While there is limited information on the effectiveness of the GM diet for hypothyroidism, it is known that diet can have a significant impact on the condition. Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, is a condition where the thyroid gland produces less of its hormones than the body needs, leading to weight gain, fatigue, and other symptoms. While medication is the primary treatment, dietary interventions can help reduce symptoms and support overall health. This includes a diet low in inflammatory foods, added sugars, and ultra-processed foods, as well as addressing nutritional deficiencies with certain foods or supplements.
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What You'll Learn
Gluten-free diets for hypothyroidism
While medication is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism, dietary changes can also help manage the condition. People with hypothyroidism may benefit from eliminating gluten, processed foods, and foods that trigger the immune system or cause inflammation. Gluten-free diets are typically recommended for those with a sensitivity or intolerance to gluten.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common autoimmune disease associated with hypothyroidism, has been linked to gastrointestinal autoimmune disorders, including celiac disease and gluten-related conditions. Eating gluten when one has celiac disease triggers an autoimmune reaction that damages the digestive tract and hinders the absorption of nutrients, leading to deficiencies and inflammation.
A gluten-free diet may positively influence the absorption of selenium and vitamin D, which are essential for thyroid function and health. Vitamin D deficiency, for instance, has been linked to several autoimmune disorders. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to determine the effect of a gluten-free diet on Hashimoto's thyroiditis. A 2021 randomised controlled trial found that a gluten-free diet decreased antithyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies by 24% in women with chronic autoimmune thyroid disease. However, another source states that there is no evidence that a gluten-free diet reduces symptoms of autoimmune thyroid disease.
It is important to consult a doctor or dietitian before making drastic changes to your diet. A registered dietitian can help identify which foods to limit or avoid and develop a balanced eating plan that does not unnecessarily eliminate nutrient-rich foods.
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The role of iodine in hypothyroidism treatment
Iodine is a mineral that is essential for the body to produce thyroid hormones. When you consume iodine, it is absorbed into your bloodstream and taken in by the thyroid, which uses it to create triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These thyroid hormones then circulate throughout the body to regulate metabolism and ensure the healthy functioning of the heart, brain, and other organs.
Iodine deficiency is a condition that occurs when the body does not get enough iodine. The main symptom of iodine deficiency is hypothyroidism, which is characterised by a decrease in thyroid hormone levels and a slowing down of metabolism, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and intolerance to cold. Iodine deficiency is also linked to the development of goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
The treatment for iodine deficiency typically involves iodine supplements and, in some cases, thyroid hormone supplements. Preventing iodine deficiency involves consuming foods that contain iodine, such as certain fish (e.g., cod, tuna), shrimp, seaweed, and other seafood. Dairy products and iodised salt are also sources of iodine.
While iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism, it is important to note that iodine supplements may not be helpful if iodine deficiency is not the cause of the condition. In fact, taking high doses of iodine with anti-thyroid medications can have an additive effect and potentially cause hypothyroidism. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before increasing iodine intake, especially for pregnant or planning-to-conceive individuals.
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How selenium impacts thyroid function
Selenium is a non-metallic trace element and micronutrient that is embedded in several proteins. In adults, the thyroid contains the highest amount of selenium per gram of tissue.
Selenium is required for the antioxidant function and metabolism of thyroid hormones. It is involved in the biosynthesis of selenoproteins containing selenocysteine. A lack of selenium increases the prevalence of several kinds of thyroid diseases. This is because a selenium deficiency decreases the function of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs), which are selenoproteins responsible for converting T4 to T3, a thyroid hormone.
Several studies have investigated the impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid function. Selenium supplementation has been shown to be beneficial for patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, mild to moderate Graves' orbitopathy, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, selenium supplementation is associated with a reduction in antithyroperoxidase antibody levels, improved thyroid ultrasound features, and an improved quality of life. In patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, selenium supplementation may help stop the progression of the disease and slow the onset of hypothyroidism. It is associated with slightly reduced serum TSH levels and anti-TPOAb levels.
However, it is important to note that more research on selenium and hypothyroidism is needed. Experts do not broadly recommend taking selenium supplements if you have hypothyroidism. Selenium supplements may be helpful for people with hypothyroidism who have a selenium deficiency, but a high intake of selenium over time can lead to toxicity, which can have serious and sometimes fatal effects.
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Managing hypothyroidism with medication and diet
While medication is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism, dietary interventions can also help to manage symptoms and improve thyroid function. A balanced, nutritious, and well-rounded diet is recommended, including whole, nutrient-dense foods like vegetables, fruits, nuts, and fish.
For those with hypothyroidism, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a diet low in pro-inflammatory foods, added sugars, and ultra-processed foods is beneficial. Additionally, addressing nutritional deficiencies with supplements or dietary changes may be recommended by doctors. Iodine, for example, is essential for making thyroid hormones, and a deficiency can contribute to the development of some types of hypothyroidism. Selenium is another important mineral, but as research is still ongoing, supplements are only recommended for those with a selenium deficiency.
Some people with hypothyroidism may also benefit from eliminating gluten and dairy, as well as any foods that may cause inflammation or trigger their immune system. Goitrogens, found in soy products and cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and Brussels sprouts, are thought to interfere with thyroid hormone production. However, cooking these vegetables reduces their goitrogenic activity, making them safer to consume.
It is important to consult a doctor or dietitian before making any drastic changes to your diet, as individual dietary needs may vary. They can help identify any food sensitivities and develop a balanced eating plan that ensures you still get all the necessary nutrients.
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Foods to avoid with hypothyroidism
While medication is the first line of treatment for hypothyroidism, dietary interventions can also help reduce symptoms and support your overall health.
Some foods that you may want to avoid or limit in your diet include:
Gluten
Gluten-containing foods may be problematic for people with hypothyroidism, especially if you have a sensitivity or intolerance to gluten. A research review found that hypothyroidism and celiac disease often occur together. However, there is no evidence that a gluten-free diet can treat thyroid conditions. It is recommended to speak to a doctor or dietitian before making any drastic changes to your diet.
Dairy
Similar to gluten, you may benefit from avoiding dairy products if you have a sensitivity to them. Working with a registered dietitian can help identify which foods you may need to limit or avoid while ensuring you maintain a balanced and nutritious diet.
Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts contain goitrogens, which are substances that may interfere with thyroid hormone production, especially if you have an iodine deficiency. However, cooking these vegetables reduces their goitrogenic activity, making them safer to consume.
Soy products
Some research suggests that isoflavones, compounds found in soy, may negatively impact thyroid health and interfere with the absorption of thyroid medication. On the other hand, a study in Scientific Reports found that soy has no effect on thyroid hormones and only modestly raises thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.
Fatty and fried foods
Fatty meats and fried foods can interfere with the thyroid's ability to produce hormones. Healthcare professionals recommend reducing your intake of fats from sources like butter, mayonnaise, margarine, and fatty cuts of meat.
Processed foods and added sugars
A diet high in ultra-processed foods and added sugars can be detrimental for people with hypothyroidism. These foods can contribute to weight gain and increase the risk of high blood pressure due to their high sodium content.
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Frequently asked questions
The best diet for hypothyroidism is a balanced and nutritious one that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, filling proteins, healthy fats, and moderate amounts of healthy carbohydrates. It is also recommended to reduce the intake of ultra-processed foods and added sugars.
Some foods that may negatively affect thyroid function and worsen symptoms of hypothyroidism include soy, gluten, dairy, and large amounts of raw cruciferous vegetables. It is important to note that cooking cruciferous vegetables reduces their goitrogenic activity, making them safer for people with hypothyroidism. Additionally, some supplements and foods can interfere with how well the body absorbs thyroid medication, so it is important to consult a healthcare professional before taking any supplements.
Yes, nutrients like iodine, selenium, and zinc are essential for maintaining healthy thyroid function. However, it is crucial to be cautious when consuming iodine as too much can worsen hypothyroidism.
No, hypothyroidism is best managed with medication, specifically hormone replacement therapy. However, diet can play a supportive role in managing the condition and improving symptoms.
