Jeffrey Salazar
In Matthew 12:3-8, Jesus references an incident in which David and his companions, driven by hunger, entered a sanctuary and ate consecrated bread, which was only lawful for priests to eat. This act, described as a violation of the law, has been interpreted in different ways, with some suggesting that Jesus used irony or air quotes when referring to the unlawfulness of David's actions. This incident provides context for discussions about religious rituals, compassion, and the importance of prioritizing flexibility over rigid adherence to rituals.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Name | David |
| Occupation | King of Israel |
| Dietary Habits | Ate showbread, which was unlawful |
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What You'll Learn
David ate bread that was not meant for him
David, a descendant of Judah and Ruth, was born in Bethlehem and was the youngest of seven sons. He was a skilled musician and a courageous warrior who slew the giant Goliath with just a staff, a slingshot, and five stones. He was also a national hero and a close friend of Jonathan, the son of King Saul.
David's encounter with King Saul began when he was brought to the king's palace to be rewarded for his victory over Goliath. Over time, David's fame grew, and he became a threat to King Saul, who sought to kill him. As a result, David fled for his life and found refuge in various places, including hiding in a field during the New Moon festival.
During his flight, David is said to have eaten bread that was not meant for him. This incident is mentioned in the Bible, in 1 Samuel 21:1–6, and later referenced by Jesus in Matthew 12:3-8. In this passage, Jesus criticizes the Pharisees for their treatment of him compared to their opinion of David, who, like Jesus, broke the law by eating the sacred showbread reserved only for priests.
The interpretation of this event is complex. While Jesus seems to imply that David broke the law, some commentators suggest that Jesus may have been using irony or "air quotes" to make a larger point about the Pharisees' hypocrisy. Ultimately, David's actions serve as a reminder that even revered figures like him had failures and shortcomings, and their actions should not be followed in every instance.
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David broke the law
The story goes that David, while fleeing for his life, entered the house of God with his companions and ate the sacred loaves of bread. This act was unlawful, as only priests were permitted to consume the consecrated bread. Jesus himself commented on this event, stating:
> "Have you not read what David did when he became hungry, he and his companions, how he entered the house of God, and they ate the consecrated bread, which was not lawful for him to eat nor for those with him, but for the priests alone?"
Jesus's commentary on the incident, however, seems to be directed more at the Pharisees' opinion of David than at David's actions themselves. It is also suggested that Jesus may have been using irony or "air quotes" when referring to David's actions as unlawful.
David, while a man after God's own heart, was indeed a flawed human who made mistakes and broke the law on multiple occasions. This particular incident highlights one of those instances where David's actions were not in alignment with the religious laws of the time.
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David was a man after God's own heart
The Bible says that David was a man after God's own heart. This description of David first appears in 1 Samuel 13:14: "But now your kingdom shall not endure. The Lord has sought for Himself a man after His own heart, and the Lord has appointed him ruler over His people, because you have not kept what the Lord commanded you."
Saul, the first God-appointed King of Israel, was known for his courage and generosity. However, he soon became proud, and his reliance on God faded. Saul's disobedience, arrogance, lack of faith, and refusal to trust in the Lord led to his rejection by God as king. In contrast, David exemplified the character of one devoted to God throughout 1 Samuel.
David had a deep desire to follow God's will and do "everything" God wanted him to do. He demonstrated his faith and was committed to following the Lord. David's faith pleased God, and God rewarded him for his faithfulness. David loved God's law and sought to follow it exactly. He wrote over half of the 150 psalms in the Bible, often mentioning how much he loved God's word. For example, in Psalm 119:47–48, David writes, "For I delight in your commands because I love them. I lift up my hands to your commands, which I love, and I meditate on your decrees."
David's life was a portrait of success and failure, and he was far from perfect. He had many failures and shortcomings, including adultery and murder. For instance, he committed adultery with Bathsheba, Uriah's wife, and killed Uriah the Hittite. Despite his sins, David sought and received the Lord's forgiveness.
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Jesus used irony in his commentary
The Bible contains many instances of irony and sarcasm in its narrative. Jesus, in particular, used irony in his commentary on various occasions. One example is found in Matthew 23, where Christ unleashes an onslaught of invective against the Pharisees for their hypocrisy and distorted values. He perceives their corrupt motives and mocks them, saying, "Do you also want to become his disciples?" (John 9:27). This remark was reviled by the Pharisees, who claimed to be disciples of Moses.
Another instance of Jesus' irony is seen in his interaction with the woman at the well in John 4. When she replies that she has no husband, Christ responds: "You have well said, 'I have no husband', for you have had five husbands, and the one whom you now have is not your husband; in that you spoke truly" (John 4:17-18). Jesus' sarcasm highlights the sinful life of the woman, who was trying to evade his supernatural knowledge of her sins.
Additionally, in Mark 7:9, Jesus condemns the Pharisees for setting aside the Word of God to maintain their traditions. He sarcastically remarks, "You are doing a good job of rejecting the commandment of God" (paraphrased). Similarly, in Luke 15:7, Jesus tells the parable of the lost sheep against the Scribes and Pharisees, concluding with ironic words: "I say to you, there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine just persons who need no repentance" (Luke 15:7).
Jesus' use of irony and sarcasm served to highlight the hypocrisy and sinfulness of those he encountered, often directing his comments towards the Pharisees and religious leaders of his time. These instances demonstrate how Jesus skillfully employed irony to make profound points and challenge the beliefs and actions of others.
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Jesus criticized the Pharisees' opinion of David
The Pharisees were known to be bitter critics of Jesus Christ. They used their religion as a cover to express their jealousy and rage against him. They would follow him around, looking for an excuse to criticize and demean his ministry.
Jesus referred to this incident when the Pharisees criticized his disciples for picking and eating raw grain on the Sabbath, which was against the Pharisees' "traditions". Jesus pointed out that David had done something similar, and that the Pharisees did not have an issue with it. He also mentioned that the priests in the temple work and make offerings on the Sabbath as part of their duties.
Jesus' criticism of the Pharisees extended beyond this one incident. He often used the Pharisees as an example of what was not working in the religious establishment at the time. Jesus condemned the Pharisees for being hypocrites, focusing on being honored and having others defer to them, rather than on helping the people of Israel. They were also criticized for being too focused on following rules and regulations, while neglecting mercy, justice, and faithfulness.
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