Brenda Khan
While there is no specific diet that can reverse thyroid disease, certain dietary changes can help manage the condition. Hypothyroidism, a common thyroid disorder, is caused by the body not producing enough thyroid hormones. To support thyroid function, it is crucial to consume sufficient iodine, which plays a role in hormone production. However, consuming too much iodine can worsen hypothyroidism, so it is important to consult a doctor before making any dietary changes. Selenium and zinc are also important nutrients for thyroid health, as they are involved in thyroid hormone production and have antioxidant properties. A gluten-free diet may be beneficial for individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, as it is associated with an improved thyroid function. Overall, maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet is recommended to support overall health and the absorption of thyroid medication.
Diet to manage thyroid disease
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Selenium-rich foods | Selenium supports thyroid hormone production. A 2017 review found that maintaining selenium levels in the body helps prevent thyroid disease and promotes overall health. |
| Iodine | Iodine is needed to make thyroid hormones, and a deficiency can contribute to the development of some types of hypothyroidism. However, consuming too much iodine can worsen hypothyroidism. |
| Gluten-free diet | Removing gluten from the diet may improve thyroid function in people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis who do not have celiac disease. |
| Zinc | Zinc may benefit people with low levels of thyroid hormones. |
| Balanced diet | Eating a balanced and nutritious diet may help reduce symptoms and support overall health. |
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What You'll Learn
Selenium-rich foods may prevent thyroid disease
Selenium is a mineral found in the soil. It is naturally present in water and some foods. While the human body only needs a small amount of selenium, it is crucial for metabolism and thyroid health. An underactive thyroid may cause fatigue, weight gain, depression, and muscle aches.
Selenium has antioxidant properties that protect cells from damage caused by aging, lifestyle choices, and environmental conditions like pollution. This cell damage, called oxidative stress, is linked to cancer, heart disease, and the decline of mental skills.
Research has linked selenium deficiency with the development of autoimmune thyroid disease, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Therefore, selenium-rich foods may prevent thyroid disease. Selenium supplementation has been associated with a reduction in antithyroperoxidase antibody levels, improved thyroid ultrasound features, and improved quality of life.
Brazil nuts are the most potent source of selenium. However, it is important to moderate your portions. Just one nut contains 95 micrograms, almost twice the recommended daily intake. Doctors advise taking no more than 400 micrograms of selenium per day to avoid potential health risks. Most seafood contains high levels of selenium. For example, yellowfin tuna and halibut contain about 92 micrograms of selenium in a 3-ounce serving, while tinned sardines contain 45 micrograms in the same portion. Meat is also a good source of selenium. A sautéed chicken breast can contain up to 35 micrograms of selenium, with an extra 5 micrograms if you eat the skin. Lean beef is another excellent source.
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Gluten-free diets can improve thyroid function
While there is no "best" diet for thyroid disease, eating the right nutrients and taking medications can help manage symptoms, improve thyroid function, and promote overall well-being. A gluten-free diet can be beneficial for improving thyroid function, especially for those with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Celiac disease.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland, causing it to produce antibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developed countries, with a higher prevalence in women. Hypothyroidism is a condition where the body doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones, which are essential for managing various bodily functions.
Celiac disease is an autoimmune reaction triggered by gluten consumption. This reaction damages the digestive tract and impairs the absorption of other nutrients, leading to deficiencies and inflammation. For individuals with Celiac disease, a gluten-free diet is a necessary therapeutic intervention. By eliminating gluten, the autoimmune response is reduced, and nutrient absorption can improve.
Additionally, a gluten-free diet may positively influence the absorption of selenium and vitamin D, which are essential for thyroid function. Selenium supports thyroid hormone production, and vitamin D insufficiency has been linked to several autoimmune disorders. Research has indicated that a gluten-free diet may decrease thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and reduce antithyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in women with chronic autoimmune thyroid disease.
However, it is important to note that the current evidence is not yet sufficient to broadly recommend a gluten-free diet for all patients with thyroid issues. While a gluten-free diet may be beneficial for some, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before making any drastic dietary changes. They can help determine if a gluten-free diet is suitable for your specific needs and guide you in managing your nutrient intake to ensure a well-balanced and nutritious diet.
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Iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism
Iodine is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in normal growth and brain development. It is required by the body to produce thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency, which occurs when an individual does not consume enough iodine in their diet, is the most common cause of thyroid problems, specifically hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid.
Hypothyroidism is a condition where the body does not produce enough thyroid hormones, which can lead to a range of symptoms, including severe tiredness, feeling cold, weight gain, and an enlarged thyroid or goitre. Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism because the thyroid gland increases its activity to maximise iodine uptake and recycling. However, even with this increased activity, the iodine concentrations may still be insufficient to produce adequate thyroid hormones.
The risk of iodine deficiency is higher in certain groups, including people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, unborn babies, and newborn children. Additionally, in some regions, the soil may not contain enough iodine, resulting in lower iodine levels in locally grown foods. To prevent iodine deficiency, it is recommended to include iodine-rich foods in the diet, such as seafood, iodised salt, and packaged bread. Iodine supplements may also be recommended, but it is important to consult a doctor before taking any supplements, especially for individuals with a thyroid condition.
While iodine deficiency is a significant contributor to hypothyroidism, it is important to note that other factors can also influence thyroid health. For example, dietary factors such as consuming ultra-processed foods and gluten (for individuals with celiac disease) can negatively affect thyroid function. Additionally, certain substances called goitrogens, found in soy products and cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and Brussels sprouts, may interfere with thyroid hormone production. However, it is generally agreed that moderate amounts of these goitrogenic foods can be enjoyed without negatively impacting thyroid health.
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Zinc and thyroid function are positively correlated
While medication is the first line of treatment for thyroid disorders, dietary interventions may also have specific benefits. For instance, a diet low in pro-inflammatory foods, added sugar, and ultra-processed foods can be helpful for many people with hypothyroidism. Eating foods rich in particular nutrients may also support thyroid health.
Zinc is crucial for proper thyroid hormone metabolism. A zinc deficiency may result in decreased thyroid hormone levels and a resting metabolic rate (RMR). Zinc supplementation has been found to have a favourable effect on thyroid hormone levels, particularly total T3, and RMR.
In a study on the effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone function, two zinc-deficient female college students (ZD1 and ZD2) were supplemented with 26.4 mg/day of zinc (as zinc gluconate). After four months, zinc deficiency was clinically corrected in both subjects, while serum ferritin concentration declined to classify both subjects as borderline iron deficient. At four months, total T3 concentrations increased in ZD1, while all thyroid hormone concentrations increased in ZD2.
In another study, serum zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) levels were found to be elevated in patients with hyperthyroidism. After methimazole treatment, serum ZAG levels were decreased and the decline was associated with decreased FT3 and FT4.
Zinc deficiency affects thyroid function. In patients with normal thyroid, zinc levels were significantly positively correlated with free T3 levels. In the nodular goitre group, thyroid volume was negatively correlated with circulating zinc levels. In the AITD group, thyroid autoantibodies and zinc were significantly positively correlated.
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Avoid ultra-processed foods
While medication is the first line of treatment for hypothyroidism, dietary interventions can also help reduce symptoms and support your overall health. Eating ultra-processed foods can negatively affect thyroid function and overall health.
Ultra-processed foods are known to worsen markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, which can lead to cellular damage. These foods are also typically low in fibre and micronutrients, and high in synthetic compounds, which can disrupt gut health. A healthy gut is essential for healthy thyroid function, as the connection between the two is known as the thyroid-gut-axis.
To improve your thyroid health, it is recommended to avoid ultra-processed foods and opt for a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, filling proteins, and healthy fats. This can help manage weight, boost energy levels, and promote overall well-being.
Some examples of ultra-processed foods to avoid include:
- Strawberry jam, which has been highly altered from its original form as a whole fruit
- Processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, and deli meats, which are often high in sodium and preservatives
- Fried foods, such as French fries and chicken nuggets, which are typically high in unhealthy fats and calories
- Sugary drinks and snacks, including soft drinks, candy, and baked goods, which can lead to weight gain and blood sugar spikes
By eliminating or reducing these ultra-processed foods, you can support your thyroid health and overall well-being.
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Frequently asked questions
There is no specific diet that can reverse thyroid disease, but certain dietary changes can help manage the condition. For example, eating a balanced and nutritious diet that includes foods rich in selenium and zinc can improve thyroid function. Additionally, limiting ultra-processed foods and added sugars can help reduce inflammation associated with thyroid disease.
Foods rich in selenium, such as Brazil nuts, tuna, and beef, can help improve thyroid function by supporting thyroid hormone production. Zinc-rich foods like oysters, crab, and lean meats can also be beneficial. A healthy diet that includes a variety of whole foods and limits processed foods is generally recommended to support thyroid health.
While there are no specific foods to avoid, it is important to monitor your iodine intake as too much or too little can interfere with thyroid function. Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts have been thought to affect iodine absorption, but these vegetables can be consumed in moderation as part of a healthy diet. Soy products and gluten-containing foods may also interfere with thyroid hormone production, so some people with thyroid disease may see improvements by reducing or eliminating these from their diet. However, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before making any significant dietary changes.
